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Bacterial skin diseases of large animals and horses
Bacterial skin diseases of large animals and horses
Dr. Kedar Karki
1. Dermatophiliosis
a. Factors are able to recognize or list that contribute to skin infection with Dermatophiliosis.
i. The causative agent is the gram +, actinomycete filamentous Dermatophilus congolensis. The infective stage is a mobile zoospores released from the crust (in or out of carrier animals) after wetting.
ii. times more common in autumn and winter following cloudy and rainy weather
iii. Intact skin is resistant to infection. Abrasion, Overzealous hygiene, chronic moisture, humidity chronic insect bites are predisposing lesions.
iv. Host factors play a role in weakening and immunosuppression and individual susceptibility has been shown to allow the infection to be established more readily in some animals exposed.
v. In barns training or show barns, the disease can spread through contaminated clippers (trauma and source).
vi. May be associated Dermatophilosis with Chorioptes and / or tick infestation and can spread between animals by biting flies.
vii. Therefore, the three factors that are necessary for the of the disease: EXPOSURE moisture SKIN INJURY.
b. Be able to recognize the clinical syndromes or presentations for dermatophilosis is part of differential diagnosis.
i. Horses:
1. In general, the dorsal surfaces of the animal, and occasionally the limbs and snout
2. white areas skin may be more severely affected
3. Injuries: small (1-20 mm) thick, circular crusts that you can often feel they are. It seems that hair gets up into sections of the crust and the hair usually comes off with the crust.
4. Under the crust, is a surface erosion with exudate and acute injuries are painful. However, chronic lesions are scaly and have no discharge.
5. Occasionally, a horse show greatly affected limb edema and local heat.
6. young foals kept in poor conditions could adversely affect acute moist eczematous dermatitis involving the entire body and mouth lesions are prominent. Adult horses who are immunosuppressed may develop a serious illness. These are protein-losing Dermatopathia.
ii. Livestock:
1. Flaky crusts and in horses:
2. 6 ways:
a. face and ears of calves (milk burns) and bulls
b. rump and the top line (rain scald)
c. chest, armpits, groin
d. udders, nipples, genitals
e. distal extremities
f. perineum and tail
iii. Sheep:
1. Endemic in most herds of sheep, although the significance is varied
2. Fine sheep breeds more susceptible to severe dz, especially. in hot climates
3. Lambs: crusts on the face, ears and nose, may be concurrent with and difficult to tell ORF
4. "Packages wool" - a mild moist crusty dried to form cobalt pyramid on the top line, in severe cases, lesions extend along the sides and lead to loss of wool
5. "Strawberry Foot Rot" crowns crusts tarsus and carpus with underlying granulation tissue bleeding considered a complication of viral dermatitis
iv. Goats:
1. Interior surface of pinnae, also the nose, mouth, feet and tails of children; snout, the dorsal midline, the scrotum of adults, can get foot rot of strawberry scalding rain, damage to hides important
v. In Llamas and other camelids:
1. Very important
2. It can be itchy
3. "Scalding Rain" and leg disease
c. Given a case description of a typical case of dermatophilosis in horses or cattle, you can choose an appropriate list of differences.
i. Dermatophiosis DDX: Dermatopathia pemphigus, zinc, staphylococcal folliculitis
ii. Metacarpal disease in horses (scratches) DDX: allergic contact dermatitis or photosensitivity follicultis dermatophytes, pastern, acute dermatitis pyotraumatic
d. Being able to choose from a list of diagnostic specimens suitable for being assembled to establish a diagnosis of dermatophilosis.
i. Histological examination of skin biopsy or just the crust is very important for diagnosis, crusts to be provided with biopsies
ii. Cytology hairs on the bark in sterile water or saline in a stain glass, allow to air dry or heat set, Geimsa Wright stain. View Branch "railroad tracks" of filamentous bundles diplococci. Smears of pus underneath a sharp bark can sometimes produce agencies.
iii. Culture: minced crusts placed on selective media (blood agar with polymyxin B 1000 IU / ml). It takes 72 hours to grow.
e. Being able to describe technique for cytology samples for the diagnosis of dermatophilosis.
i. Discussed above
f. Being able to choose the right treatment for dermatophilosis a given case from a list of proposed treatment options, or be able to describe his therapy in a short essay format.
i. Therapy:
1. Most of cases regress spontaneously once the inciting causes have been corrected (dry weather).
2. chronically affected animals should be protected.
3. Soft preparation to remove the crusts and hair shedding can accelerate the resolution (but remember cleaning implements can act as fomites).
4. chlorhexidine shampoo or iodine can help the animals can be dried thoroughly after bathing. Other topics: 2.5% lime sulfur, zinc sulfate 0.5%, 0.2% Ca sulfate, 1% K Al sulfate (alum) -> in favor of the sheep
5. In severe cases, systemic Abx therapy may accelerate the resolution. Penicillin injections from 22 to 44.000 IU / kg or long-acting oxytetracycline 20 mg / kg for 7-10 days. (TMP-S is not effective.
g. Being able to list and / or describe the three ways of dermatophilosis sheep.
i. Maybe Strawberry foot putrefaction, yarn, crust
h. Being able to list several sites predilection for lesions in cattle and horses.
i. Discussed above
2. Being able to recognize the agents associated with bacterial folliculitis / furunculosis in the horse.
a. 3 bacterial agents:
i. Staphylococci (S. aureus, S. hyicus, S. intermedius)
ii. Actinomyces (Corynebacterium) pyogenes
iii. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
3. Be able to give a DDX causes of dermatitis or folliculitis pastern in the horse. Being able to choose from a list of the most common causes.
a. Or allergic contact dermatitis
b. Photosensitization
c. Dermatophytes
d. Pastern folliculitis
e. Pyotraumatic acute dermatitis
4. Being able to make a list of DDX for enlargement, crusting skin disease in the horse.
a. I think this is what it means!:
i. Dermatophilus
ii. Pemphigus
iii. Zinc Dermatopathia
iv. Folliculitis Staph
5. Being able to name or recognize the exudative epidermidis agent of swine and be able to recognize the name or age group affected. Being able to describe The signs observed in the hyperacute form. Being able to choose an appropriate therapeutic agent from a list.
a. Agent: Staph. Hyicus toxin
b. Age group: 1-7 Piglets weeks of age
c. signs hyperacute form: View periocularly exudate, then vesicular-pustular rash on the nose, lips, tongue, gums, crowns. macules red-brown behind the ears, ventral abdomen, then the whole body erythema with greasy and thick oozy brown crust. Anorhexia the depression, death within 3-5 days.
d. Tx: Well breeding, early tx with penicillin, ampicillin, lincomycin, tylosin, cephalosporins, much resistance sensitivity Ab-rec test in major outbreaks.
6. Being able to recognize the name or the agent of caseous lymphadenitis of sheep or goats, and in view of a typical history able to give a diagnosis or suggest diagnostic tests to establish a diagnosis.
a. Agent: Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
b. Clinical history typical: See cold abscesses associated with lymph nodes (including internal nodes), lymph ducts draining a skin, thick cheesy most injuries exudate yellow, green or brown, head and neck, or associated with the cut injury in sheep.
c. Diagnostic tests: direct smear (Diptheroid intracellular Gram + rods) and culture, the ELISA test?
7. Being able to give a DDX for nodular skin disease in cattle, or fistulous exudate containing sulfur granules (see also notes infectious nodular).
a. DDX: Actinomyces bovis (lumpy jaw), Actinobacillus ligniersi (wooden tongue), Botryomycosis, (All I could find)
8. Being able to give a DDX or recognize a list of causes of cellulite, skin necrosis, or purple in pigs.
a. DDX: Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, Clostridium infection malignant edema (many different species including Clostridium septicum C.), possibly black leg caused by Clostridium chauvoei Necrophorus fusiform (necrobacillosis), pigs spirochetosis (Borrelia suilla and the lack of hygiene that is complicated by Necrophorus fusiformis)
The final
About the Author
Dr.Kedar Karki M.V.St Preventive Vet.Medicine
Vet.Officer
Central VET.Laboratory Kathmandu,nEPAL
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