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The Sun and Energy

The solar energy source is not nuclear fusion but magnetic fields from the center of the galaxy. The sun becomes the energy of the mass and not mass to energy.

Abstract: The solar energy source believes that a nuclear fusion reactor in the core Sun The sun is not heated by fusion reaction but by magnetic fields from the galactic center. Nuclear fusion is a byproduct of heating magnetic fields. The changing magnetic fields from the galactic center induce electric currents inside the sun that the sun's heat. The heat and energy kinetics of particles in the sun's core, triggering high-energy collisions that create the main constituents of matter, electron, proton and neutron. The collisions also fuse or nucleosynthesis heavier elements like deuterium, tritium, helium and lithium. This leads to the fact that stars and galaxies produced constant mass and energy. The article explains the mechanisms of clocks back of the galaxies energy production. The energy and mass production galaxy void the Big Bang theory and leads to a steady state cosmological model with a lot of new ground to expand and accelerate creation of the universe.

Introduction

The latest developments in cosmology in particular the conclusion that the universe is not only expanding, but also speed brings back Einstein's cosmological constant.

To explain the accelerating universe, dark energy is supposed to repel the galaxies and the cause of the acceleration of the universe. Dark energy is based on the development of quantum mechanics are enormous amounts of energy in a vacuum. Dark energy and matter dark explaining the rotation curves of galaxies was found that 96% of the universe, while the normal baryonic matter that the stars and the plants are built is only 4%. However there is an experiment in the earth or conclusive evidence to show that dark matter or dark energy really exists. This lack of test is also valid for the Big Bang theory. There is no experiment to show the emptiness that can explode spontaneously creating high-energy and mass.

The source of such counter-intuitive theories to explain cosmological observation arises from our lack of understanding of a process that occurs every day for granted and never questioned. This is our understanding or rather misunderstanding of the power source of the sun and other stars. There is a historical theory that tries to explain the heat of the sun on the basis of gravitational energy. According to this theory, the sun created the solar nebula.

When all the atoms in free fall the center of the nebula of its velocity is converted into heat. similar theory was proposed in the nineteenth century by Lord Kelvin and said the sun's heat is gravitational energy, especially by meteorites falling into the sun.

The current day nuclear theory says the sun is a nuclear fusion reactor and the heat comes from the fusion of hydrogen atoms helium. The fusion of helium is lighter than hydrogen so that the Sun converts mass to energy excess. There are still some difficulties in this model. In each galaxy no new stars are born continuously. Some of them are blue super giant 50 times more massive than the sun and then burn hydrogen much faster than the sun. This limited life expectancy of only about ten million years. If such massive stars are born constantly, and fast-burning hydrogen, hydrogen burns very fast, so that all the hydrogen is coming. The interstellar medium does not contain much hydrogen. The interstellar hydrogen comes from stars within the galaxy the winds, and supernovae.

The origin of the universe mass and energy was a mystery and lead to the creation of the Big Bang theory. The Big Bang The theory tries to explain that to assert that all matter in the universe including the hydrogen fuel was created at the time of Big Bang.

In this document shows that the true mass and the source of energy in the universe is the galaxy.

Many facts presented here show that the source of heat from the sun is changing magnetic fields and induction. The magnetic fields are from the galactic center, but that propagate through the galactic disk and heat all stars in the disk. Changing magnetic fields created by electric currents induced in the sun plasma. The electric current heats the solar plasma and make the brightness the sun. The fusion of hydrogen in the sun is a product of the heat generated by magnetic fields. At the core of the sun immense heat created by the induction currents increase the particle velocity and kinetic energy. When the particles collide their high kinetic energy is converted to mass by creating new particles according to Einstein's equation E = MC2. The sun is the conversion of mass into energy, but converting energy into mass.

Many of the phenomena observed on the sun are magnetic so it is reasonable to think that the sun is heated by magnetic induction.

This creation of mass stars can explain all the mass in the universe came and why the universe is expanding and accelerating. You can also explain how heavy elements are created in the universe. It is believed that many heavy elements are created in supernovae, this is due to the fusion of heavy elements consumes energy and does not produce energy as hydrogen does. Since energy of the stars comes from magnetic fields and not fusion then the nucleosynthesis of heavy elements are produced in red giants.

If stars produce mass and energy, then we can say that galaxies produce mass and energy. The galaxies are the universe machines to create a mass and energy.

If the sun heats up the magnetic fields of the galaxy center, where the energy of the galaxy is coming? Magnetic fields to create a mass in the stars, and when this mass is ejected into space as solar wind, which begins to slide into the center of the galaxy. Gravitational potential energy of free fall dust and gas is collected by accretion disks of black holes at the galactic center. The gravitational potential energy is much higher than the energy used to create the mass. Accretion disks in combination with the dynamic effect creating magnetic fields in the center of the galaxy that produce more mass in stars, and so on.

If a galaxy is getting bigger and heavier all the time at some point will generate a new galaxy. The continuous addition of mass the galaxy increase the mass of the galaxy's spiral arms, and increasing arm length and its distance from the galactic center. The stellar wind ejected by the stars in the arm remote start to collect on arrival in the arm itself until the arm is so strong that detached from the main galaxy became a satellite galaxy. Many of the Images taken of colliding galaxies or interacting galaxies are actually instances of a galaxy of spawning another. The spawning of new galaxies, lead to expansion and acceleration of the universe.

Rotation curve

The rotation speed of stars in the galactic disk around the galactic center, should obey Kepler's third law. The speed expected stars must be proportional to the inverse of the radius squared as shown in Figure 6 - (B). However, the observation of different galaxies yields a rotation curve is almost flat Figure 6 - (A). The usual explanation for the plane curve is based on the existence of dark matter is not light and you can not see. Dark matter is the presentation of the galactic disk far beyond the stars that increases the gravity of the galaxy.

It is possible to explain the flat rotation curve based on magnetic fields in the galaxy.

I'll start first by representing a well-known experiment. Magnet levitation over a superconductor Figure 1 or the Meissner effect causes a magnet float in the air when placed on a superconductor. The magnetic field magnet induced EMF and current in the superconductor according to Faraday's law. These currents according to Lenz's law creating magnetic fields in the superconductor opposing magnetic fields of the magnet and therefore repel to make it float and oppose gravity.

If "I can consider a string and tie to the superconductor you can drag the superconductor segment along the table in Figure 2. If the magnet is floating in the superconductor and drag the superconductor the magnet will not fall off the table, but follow the superconductor and stay floating on top of it wherever you drag. This is also the result of Lenz's law. The induced currents and superconducting magnetic field will oppose any movement of magnet in relation to the superconductor.

The hot plasma in the sun and other star has a very low electrical resistance.

The plasma resistance is much lower than that of a metal and is very similar to that of a superconductor. However, their resistance is not zero and the electric current inside the plasma produce heat. The interior is not completely homogonous sun and there are sections of plasma with an electrical conductivity different.

In addition to the property of a superconductor the sun the property of a magnet. The sun magnetic filed has similarities with the Earth's magnetic field. The sun has a dipole magnetic field, and is similar to that of a bar magnet.

One unique property of superconductors is that the magnetic fields within them are very close to zero. However, the plasma of stars with greater than zero conductivity and the magnetic field penetrates the plasma to produce heat. Not only the star of the magnetic permeability of high concentration of magnetic fields from space to absorb more energy.

Figure 1: Magnetic Levitation of a superconducting magnet. The conductivity of the plasma that stars are made of very high and close to a fantastic driver. The stars could be imagined as pairs superconductor and a magnet. This explains how to slip in the galactic disk and the movement of the stars relative to the other, induces electric currents in the plasma of stars that is converted into heat that make the stars shine. This also explains the repulsion between stars and between galaxies.

Figure 2: If you take a superconductor and a magnet placed on it, the magnet will hover over the superconductor. Suppose that when the magnet hangs a chain connecting the superconducting and drag the superconductor on the table. The magnet will float above the superconductor and follow the superconductor. This shows that the stars resist sliding the galactic disk and that resistance creates induction currents in the stars and hot.

Superconductor and magnet model stars

Knowing that a star is composed of plasma low resistance and has a magnetic field of a magnetic dipole, suggest a model of the sun and stars. The star according to this model has the combined characteristics of a superconductor and a magnet in Figure 3. The stars thus behave similarly to the superconducting magnet and the Meissner effect. A star will oppose the motion of nearby stars. When, for example, a movement towards the first star of a second star, the magnetic field of the first star to induce currents in the second star. According to Lenz's law these currents produce magnetic fields in the second star opposing camps magnetic and the movement of the first star. The resistance to movement occurs when a movement of stars relative to another.

Figure 3: A star can be described as a combination of a superconductor and a magnet. The superconductor is a result of the high conductivity of the plasma and the magnet is the result of the magnetic field stars. The star's magnetic field is a combination of magnetic fields of the galaxy that magnetize the star and internal magnetic fields created by currents induced in the sun. The combination of superconductors and a magnet repel each other stars and eliminate the collision between them. Since the galaxies are many stars also be described as a combination of magnet and superconductor.

The denial and resistance to movement may explain why there are no collisions between main sequence stars like the sun. However, there are billions of stars in the galaxy of the main sequence stars never collide. Other stars like neutron stars and white dwarfs can collide because they are composed of plasma and have no ownership of superconductor. Neutron stars can imagine just like a magnet. As neutron stars both repel main sequence stars like the sun. However, when two neutron stars get together, they can not repel each other because there is no participation superconductor. Not only gravity pulls them together, but their magnetic fields are aligned and added traction. The north pole of a neutron star approach and attracts the south pole of the second neutron star. Observations of a sudden bursts of gamma rays in the universe known since neutron stars massive collisions. Also white dwarfs are likely to crash. Pentecost dwarves no plasma and magnetic fields. Some of supernova explosions are related to white dwarfs. Since neutron stars and white dwarfs can approach a star, many binary stars (eg Sirius) are white dwarfs or neutron star. One way to look is to divide the stars into two categories. One is as white dwarfs and is affected only by gravitational fields and general relativity. The second is carried out by both magnetic fields and gravitational fields.

Galaxies similar to the stars within it can be represented as well as a combination of magnets and superconductors. Upon seeing the galaxy as superconducting magnet and the combination may explain the repulsion between galaxies, which leads to the expansion and acceleration of the universe. This model may also imply that collisions between galaxies are rare. The rarity of collision between main sequence stars is a clear indication of the rarity of collision between galaxies. Most of the observed interacting galaxies are actually a creation of a galaxy of other worlds or spawning of a small satellite galaxy a larger galaxy.

In the experiment of Figure 2 was shown to not only repel a superconducting magnet, but also resist any movement of the magnet in relation to the great conductor. As shown in Figure 3 stars can be described as a combination of superconductor and magnet. This cable a galactic disk model, shown in Figure 4, which includes rings or layers of superconducting materials and magnets. Superconductors such a model will resist any movement of the magnets in relation to them. When the magnets move relative to the superconducting current flow induced in the superconductor under Lenz's law will create magnetic fields that oppose and repel the magnetic fields of the magnets. This implies a rigid model of the galactic disk where any movement of stars resisted. If we draw a curve of the galactic disk rotation, according to the model of Figure 4 will give a straight line as shown in Figure 5, where all stars have the same angular velocity. However, the observed rotation curve as shown in Figure 6 implies that the angular velocity of the stars near the center of the galaxy is smaller than the stars near the galactic center. This means that there is a movement of the magnets in relation to the superconducting and induction currents created. Since the plasma from the star is not a perfect superconductor the currents create heat.

Figure 4: A star can be imagined as a pair of superconductor and a magnet. When a star moves toward a second star, according to Lenz's law the second star to repel the first star and oppose the motion. Magnetic fields induce the first star power and current drivers, according to Faraday's law, the second star, and the currents create magnetic fields to repel the first star. This means that the stars resist the relative motion of the galactic disk. This leads to the rigid model of the galactic disk shown in this figure and a rotation curve shown in Figure 5. The real curve of rotation of the plane of the galaxies implies that the stars move relative to each other. This induction and creates heat the fuel of stars.

Figure 5: According to the model and the superconducting magnet of the stars are shown in Figure 4. The stars are reluctant to slip in the galactic disk. Therefore the relationship between distance from the galactic center stars and the speed of rotation should be a straight line as shown in this chart. The deviation of the observed rotation curve of galaxies of this linear relationship shows that a considerable slip happens. The slip indicates that a large amount of heat is produced in stars.

Figure 6: Rotation curve of a galaxy. The speed of the stars in the galactic disk must obey the laws of Kepler and have a speed that is inversely proportional to the square of the distance to the galactic center. Actual measurements found that the rotation curve is almost flat. As shown in Figure 7 that this could be explained by rotating magnetic fields that increase the speed of the galactic disk. It could also be explained by the combined superconducting magnet model of the stars who refuse to slip in the galactic disk.

The fact that there is movement and sliding in the galactic disk leads to a second model of the galaxy in Figure 7. According to this model, the galactic disk consists of several concentric rings rotation capacity on the same axis with air space between the rings. Each ring includes an inner iron layer and an outer layer consisting of magnets. The galactic center is also the model formed by magnets. The rotation of the center of the galaxy rotates the magnets at the galactic center and creates rotating magnetic fields. Rotating magnetic field induces current through the air space in the iron layer of the first ring. The induced currents according to Lenz's law will create magnetic fields that oppose the magnetic fields the galactic center and apply force to rotate the first ring. The first ring magnets layer currents are induced in the layer of iron second ring and give the second ring and so on. In this way all the rings rotating in the same direction but with different angular velocities. The inner ring will have the largest angular velocity more external and have smaller angular velocity. The difference means the sliding velocity or magnetic fields of the magnets between the iron layers and generate heat.

Figure 7: The galactic disk could be imagined as layers of iron rings and magnets. The galactic center is the model compound rotating magnets, creating rotating magnetic fields. Magnetic fields rotate the iron layer of the second ring according to Lenz's law. The external magnets the second ring rotate the third ring and so on. If the ratio of a ring away from the center to the ring speed should be similar to the chart on 5, each ring of the angular velocity should be the same as the inner ring. If a ring is not the same speed, but its angular velocity is slower than the ring interior (like in a galaxy rotation curve) creates a road and ring magnets inside the iron heat the outer ring. In a magnetic bike an iron wheel is spinning around magnets that break their rotation. After a workout you can feel the heat from the iron wheel.

According with the models in Figure 4, 7, the observed flat rotation curve and its deviation from the expected rotation curve of the galaxy could be explained. The field forces rotating magnetic in the center of the galaxy and the galactic disk stars exert on its angular velocity increases.

In Figure 10 there is an alternative model of magnetic fields emanating from the galactic center. In Figure 7, the galactic center is represented as a cylinder that stripes of north and south poles of the magnet is placed parallel to the cylinder axis. This location will allow the center of the galaxy rotates to heat the galactic disk by induction and increase the angular velocity of the stars as observed by the flat rotation curve. However, as in Figure 10, the center of the galaxy can be represented as a number of magnetic dipoles. This could be created only if it is a black hole at the galactic center or not is a combination of black holes and neutron stars. Accretion disks of a hole black and neutron stars are created by magnetic dipoles are aligned in opposite directions to each other, as shown in Figure 10.

With this arrangement, induction heating and the rotation speed of the galactic disk will be more feasible.

Figure 10: The magnetic fields created by the center the galaxy can be understood from this model. The center of the galaxy contains several magnetic dipoles created by the black hole and neutron star accretion disks. Dipoles magnetic spin with the galactic center, and send changing magnetic fields in the galactic disk, the heat of stars and increase their speed of rotation.

Induction that transfers energy from the galactic center in the galactic disk, requires no magnetic field in the galactic disk. Induction can do what is called "induced electric fields." For the proof we can take a long solenoid and put it in a copper ring larger than its diameter is three times and then the solenoid. If we now change the variable magnetic solenoid will flow. The current induced in the flow ring. However, the ring is a magnetic field therefore can not say that the ring current magnetic field influence on particles loaded into the ring. This explains, saying that "the induced electric field" in the ring is caused by the changing magnetic flux in the solenoid.

The induced electric field can affirm with a modification of Faraday's law.

Where is the magnetic flux through the solenoid, E is the electric field induced in the ring and I is the circumference of the ring. Likewise we can say that even if the galactic disk is not in a magnetic field induction possible. The change of magnetic flux in the galactic center perpendicular to the galactic disk can induce currents in the stars induced by electric fields.

Similarity with an electric induction motor

The model of Figure 7 is similar in operation to an electric induction motor. The galactic center of Figure 7 resembles that of the electric motor stator and the induction of such galactic disk is similar to that of the rotor. The stator of an induction motor produces a rotating magnetic field. The rotating magnetic field between the rotor and induce currents in the rotor. The currents create magnetic fields that attract fields rotating magnetic stator and rotor. The currents in the rotor are analogous to currents that heat the galactic disk stars. Figure 8 shows a graph of rotor currents as a function of rotor speed. Rotor speed in the graph on the X axis is the percentage difference of the angular velocity of rotor and stator fields magnetic angular velocity. The graph shows that when the rotor speed is identical to the speed of the stator currents are not induced in the rotor. This situation is analogous to a rotation curve of the galaxy similar to Figure 5, with the rotation curve of such currents are expected to flow into the stars.

When the rotor speed in Figure 8 decrease and slip between the stator and rotor to increase the magnetic field lines between the rotor and more current is induced. This is analogous to the observed rotation curve in Figure 6, where a slip in the galactic disk, as shown in the model of Figure 7. Currents in the rotor torque produced that through the rotor shaft can transmit mechanical work. This pair can explain the deviation of the rotation curve of galaxies from rotation curve expected. The galactic center applies this torque in the galactic disk to increase the speed of the stars. If you take a motor induction as a fan motor and block the fan, the engine heats up very quickly because the rotor currents are very high. This can be demonstrated that heat stars in the galactic disk slip. In summary, the slip in the galactic disk stars that cross the magnetic fields of stars, the pair applied that increasing the speed of the stars and generate heat.

Figure 8: rotor current as a function of rotor speed of an electric induction motor. As the rotor get slower the stator rotating magnetic field the fastest crossing of the rotor and increasing the rotor currents. The galactic center is similar the stator and the galactic disk is similar to that of the rotor. The flat rotation curve of the galaxy in Figure 6 implies that slip occurs in the galactic disk leads to induction currents in the stars.

There are two components to produce variable magnetic fields in the galactic disk. One is the field galactic center magnetic. The second is the slip in the galactic disk. Magnetic fields from the galactic center energy supply in the galactic disk and press to increase the speed of the galactic disk. The slip of the galactic disk transmits the torque and energy from the galactic center to the outer sections of the disc Galaxy. Energy production and changing magnetic fields is at the center of the galaxy, where black hole accretion disk becomes mass to energy.

The sliding supports rigid behavior of the galactic disk Figure 4 and affect the speed of stars in the inner sections and outside the galactic disk.

The couple in the galactic disk stars near the galactic center is forward from the galactic center and back from slipping. Why is pull the slide back can be shown in the model of Figure 7 by the back torque exerted by a ring outside of an inner ring. The pair of stars in the outer sections of the galactic disk is presented by the landslide.

Figure 9: The change in magnetic fields from the galactic center magnetic fields to create eddies in the galactic disk. Each of these eddies is a magnetic circuit comprising millions of beginning. In the the figure of a magnetic field circuitry is shown passing magnetic flux in the nearby stars. Changing magnetic fields create the sun solar cycle and change Sun's magnetic polarity of the next solar cycle. Changing magnetic fields heat the star. Part of the energy supply becomes mass and some is converted into electromagnetic radiation or luminosity.

Foucault's magnetic circuit

The center of the galaxy creates magnetic fields which are sent to the galactic disk and heat to induce currents in the stars. By changing the magnetic fields pass through a large piece iron or copper eddy currents are created and heat of the metal. The eddies are usually chaotic in nature. When we speak of the galactic disk that you can not talk eddy currents, because the space between stars is not taking place. However, the magnetic fields in the galactic disk could create swirling fields magnetic and magnetic circuits. Given that the stars are different in size and type and distance between them is not constant, we can imagine that the fields magnetic are dispersed in very complex patterns. Therefore, we predict that the galactic center transmits energy to the most remote of the galactic disk not by powerful magnetic fields but through magnetic eddies. Such circuitry may comprise magnetic eddy millions of stars. Figure 9 part of a magnetic circuit shown. The magnetic field lines are concentrated and passed through the stars due to the high magnetic permeability of the plasma. The magnetic fields create the pattern of dipole magnetic field Sun In Figure 9, the concentration of the magnetic fields of stars decrease the magnetic field on the left and right about the stars. This shadow magnetic magnetic fields reduces the solar planets and earth.

The Ulysses spacecraft was sent by above the poles of the sun and find strong magnetic fields high above the poles. The height and strength of magnetic fields is an indication that the sun is part of circuits large magnetic crossing the sun and cover many stars.

Effect on Earth and the solar planets

Solar planets have excess heat or energy. They are hotter then what's supposed to be solar radiation. The excess heat from the solar planets and earth could explained by changing magnetic fields from the galactic center. The excess heat from the earth is explained by the heat released by nuclear fission of heavy elements in the land. However, the amount of heavy elements in the Earth's interior is unknown. Could it be that nuclear heating can produce only a percentage of the heat inside Earth and the rest is the heat produced by magnetic fields from the galactic center. The high permeability of iron inside the earth helps to concentrate the fields magnetic and produce more heat. Strong evidence for global warming by magnetic fields is the movement of tectonic plates. The movement of plates tectonics can not be explained clearly by the convection model. The movement of the Earth's tectonic plates is a phenomenon magneto hydrodynamic (MHD) caused by magnetic fields from the galactic center. Strong winds in the outer solar planets are also Magneto Hydrodynamics phenomena caused by magnetic fields from the galactic center.

Magnetic fields change an elliptical path of a star, planet or moon in a circular path. When, for example, a moon with elliptical trajectory that its core is electrically conductive and circles a planet that has a significant magnetic field, currents will induced and electro-motive force that, according to Lenz's law resist any change in distance between the Moon and the planet. If the moon will increase its distance from the planets according to Lenz's law, will be attracted more strongly on the planet, if you get closer to the planet that will be rejected by the planet. In this way the magnetic forces will change its elliptical path to a circular path and in the process of converting part of the kinetic energy of the moon to heat.

Solar Cycle

Solar cycle activity is closely monitored in 1750, counting the number of sunspots. The solar cycle repeats every 11 years during which the number sunspot peaks. The appearance of sunspots is accompanied with strong surface magnetic fields in the Sun

The Sun is a magnetic dipole land, but as Sun dipole polarity is changing with the solar cycle and has a different magnetic polarity every 11 years.

According to the model mistakably current is believed that solar cycle and solar magnetic field polarity change induced internally by the sun itself. However this is wrong. The source of the solar sunspot cycle and changing the magnetic polarity are induced by magnetic fields generated in the center of the galaxy. The mechanism by which the center of the galaxy has a power and energy for the sun and other stars is based on changing magnetic fields. The solar cycle and the changing magnetic polarity in the sun is the manifestation of the galactic center magnetic power transmission fields. The galactic center is applied to change the Sun's magnetic field are strong enough to change the polarity of the sun every 11 years. The magnetic fields induce electric currents in the plasma sun the sun's heat. Figure 11 shows the interaction between the galactic center magnetic fields and magnetic fields Sun In this figure the galactic magnetic fields are represented by the imams. However, as shown in Figure 9 the magnetic fields are coming far below and above the sun. Also as shown in the model of Figure 7, the magnetic fields rotate in the direction of rotation of the galactic disk, but faster. When the peak of the galactic center magnetic field approaches the sun as in Figure 11 (a). The sun refuses according to Lenz's law improving the field magnetic and produce internal magnetic field opposed to the center of the galactic magnetic field. When the peak is the galactic center magnetic field kick sun as in Figure 11 (b) resist the sun's magnetic field decreased, and flip the magnetic polarity to attract the center of the galactic magnetic field. This behavior illustrates a phase difference between the magnetic field of the galaxy center and the magnetic field Sun Sun's magnetic field is created by the magnetic field center Galaxy, but his stage is in front of the galaxy disk magnetic field.

Figure 11: The solar cycle is created in the center of the galactic magnetic fields. The sun here is displayed in the yellow circle is stationary and the galactic magnetic field magnets are represented as the sun moved across to the left. The magnetic field is shown here as magnets are actually coming far below and above the sun. (A) The magnetic peak approaches the sun. The sun according to Lenz's law opposition creates a magnetic field with the same polarity as the field approaches. (B) The magnetic peak is beyond the sun and turn the sun's magnetic field polarity to create the magnetic field according to the Lenz law that precludes the galactic magnetic field decrease. It is clear that the galactic center magnetic field Sun induced magnetic field and the magnetic field center of the galaxy and the Sun's magnetic field are out of phase. The solar system is tilted 60 degreasing in galactic disk, so this figure is simplified.

This movement of the galactic center magnetic fields, as shown in Figure 11 will allow the center of the galaxy rotates to heat the galactic disk by induction and at the same time to increase the angular velocity of the stars as seen in the flat rotation curve.

The interaction between the center of the galaxy and the sun can be compared to AC power. In this comparison, the galactic center would primary winding of the sun would be the secondary and the changing magnetic field of the solar cycle is the magnetic flux in the transformer core. Note that the magnetic field cycle solar tracking since 1750 has a sinusoidal amplitude that is similar to sinusoidal magnetic flux in a transformer core.

Since the models of the figures. 4, 7 is not clear why the observed rotation curve and angular velocity of the star of the galactic disk is above the expected angular velocity, as shown in Figure 6. However, when the angular velocity of the stars increase, it is unclear why not move away from the galactic center by centrifugal force. The explanation is that magnetic fields in the galactic disk magnetize the stars and make them magnetically attract each other. To demonstrate that magnetize objects attracts we can use a simple experiment, as shown in Figure 12. Two iron spheres connected to two levers are hanging on two hinges. The hinges allow the balls only move toward each other, but not toward the magnet. When the magnet is near the ball passing through a magnetic field of the balls. The magnetic magnetizing field temporarily turning the ball and making the magnets attract each other. A common device that uses these phenomena is the reed switch, as shown in Figure 13. The reed switch closes its contacts when you bring a magnet near it, or to put in the magnetic field of solenoid. Two contacts ferromagnetic or read on the center of the switch. When magnetized shooting each other until the electrical current can flow between the contacts. The direction or polarity externally applied magnetic fields is not important and all contact addresses to be magnetized and closed. The reed switch is usually used as a Proximity detector and alarm systems, for example if you put a magnet in a window and the window opens a reed switch in the rack is open circuit and turn on the alarm.

Figure 12: A simple experiment to demonstrate a magnetic force of the objects in magnetic fields. The figure shows two iron balls hanging two levers. On the other side of the levers hinges that allow the ball to get close to each other but not to move towards the magnet. When the magnet is located near of balls to a magnetic field passes through the ball. The magnetic field magnetized temporarily turning the ball magnets and causing them to pull the others.

Figure 13: The reed switch is an example that when you place a magnetic field near two ferromagnetic materials become magnetized and pull of others. The switch contacts are in the middle. When you bring a magnet near the contacts to pull each other and close a circuit. This demonstrates that the fields magnetic galactic disk stars are attracted to each other and help maintain the high velocity of stars in the galaxy rotation curve.

Another simple experiment can be done by placing two bolts or screws in a thin plastic plate to keep a small distance between them. By placing a magnet below the room, near the bolts that will magnetize and attract each other. Another experiment is the experiment known as a powder of iron is the place on a board and a bar magnet is placed below. If you look closely, you see the dust grain actually attracts each other to form small dense veins of iron, in the direction magnetic field. The veins are created by the attraction of dust particles to each other.

The solar energy balance

As shown in Figure 11 the sun is heated by changing magnetic fields of the galaxy center. The sun high magnetic permeability helps to concentrate the magnetic flux galactic center and maximize the absorption of energy from the galactic center magnetic fields. Changing magnetic fields induce electro-motive force and electrical currents in the sun. These currents pass through the plasma of the sun and heat according to I2R. The heat energy increases the kinetic energy of the particles and speed in the core Sun The high velocity of the particle leads to a high-impact collision that creates new particles and new mass. It is an energy conversion mass according to E = MC2. The kinetic energy of the particle in the nucleus mass sun is converted into kinetic energy when the relative rates of colliding particles exceeds the rest mass of newly created particles. Since the thermal energy in the sun becomes center mass energy temperature is dropping and there is a cooling effect that limits the temperature at the core of the sun below a certain level.

Figure 14: The energy balance solar. The energy is received by the sun's magnetic fields created by the center of the galaxy. The magnetic fields create electric currents inside the sun. The currents create heat, and in the center of the sun, heat, mass is converted by the collision of high energy particles. When some of the hydrogen created by the sun fuses into helium mass over the merger is converted back to energy. Fusion energy is absorbed by the sun and used to heat the sun and creating more mass. Some of the sun's energy is lost by electromagnetic radiation.

The conversion of energy to the mass in the center sun produces components blocks of matter - electrons, protons and neutrons. The sun and other stars produce nuclei of light elements in the universe, for example, hydrogen, deuterium, tritium, helium and lithium are the main source of light elements in the universe. Sun merges the core basics of the art of electrons, protons and neutrons on elements such as helium in nuclear fusion. The sun is 21% helium for a large amount of hydrogen is fused. The fusion reaction uses the presence of hydrogen and extreme heat to create helium or alpha particles. Since the mass of the fusion of helium is lighter than the mass of the four neutrons and protons there is a conversion mass into energy. In other words, part of the estate created by the magnetic field induction heating is converted back by the fusion energy. Energy produced by fusion is less than the original energy of the galactic center magnetic fields. Also the mass that the fusion reaction is converted to energy is smaller than the original mass created from magnetic fields. The energy produced by fusion is absorbed by the sun and used again to create new particles and mass. The fusion reaction is limited by the solar core temperature is controlled by the cooling effect of applied since the creation of new particles and mass.

Emission of neutrinos from the Sun

For three decades there was a neutrino paradox related to the sun. The sun emits only a third of the neutrinos expected from standard solar model based on the fusion Sun However, the paradox was solved recently by experiments at SNO neutrino detector. Neutrinos, once thought without mass like photons, but know you know that neutrinos have mass. The existence of mass neutrino is based on the fact that when the neutrinos pass into the space oscillations between the three flavors of neutrinos. The SNO neutrino detector confirmed that he decided neutrino paradox long. Assuming that the SNO results are correct and there is no contamination that affected the data, apparently there is a conflict between the theory presented here and SNO results. If the sun is heated by the center of the galactic magnetic fields and fusion is only a by product and limited in scope, then the emission of neutrinos is much smaller than the large-scale melting of the standard solar model. The solution to this conflict is that the nucleosynthesis of building blocks of matter electron neutrinos emitted protons and neutrons.

For example you can see the emission of neutrinos in the collision of electrons and positrons creating a quark:

e + e-à-à W + W μ qv Qbar

The collision creates pair of quarks, muons and neutrinos.

The emission of neutrinos Sun is the sum of neutrinos from the fusion reaction on a small scale, and especially since the creation of new particles and mass.

Tokamak converts energy of mass and not mass to energy

As is well known that half a century of fusion research, especially in reactors Tokamak fusion, did not yield the desired source of unlimited energy, which was expected. It is likely that as the sun high energy collisions of particles in the fusion reactor to create new particles and the mass back into the plasma, rather than increasing the temperature of the plasma. This is evident by the fact that the thermal energy needed to heat the plasma tokamaks is enormous and is constantly updated with new heating modules. The evidence that the thermal energy of fusion reactor go to mass production again in the presence of positrons in the plasma is heated. When the plasma reactor is heated high-speed collisions creates pairs of electrons and positrons. As the sun Tokamak convert energy into mass and not mass to energy.

The galaxy energy cycle

The Sun and other stars are powered from the center of the galaxy in the form of changing magnetic fields. The magnetic fields of stars heat and allow to shine and make mass energy. The question, of course, is where the galaxy is to get this immense power? The answer is that the mass created in stars have gravitational potential energy with respect to the galactic center. The dust and gas is free to fall to the center of the galaxy and the galactic center falls into black holes and neutron stars accretion disk creation. The free fall and the accretion disks multiplying the mass and energy of the gas and dust.

The mass of the star is constantly increase from the center of the galactic magnetic fields. This mass is released from stars to interstellar space in several ways:

The solar wind is ejected constantly from the sun and stars.

coronal mass ejections, which are sudden and massive solar wind.

Red Giants decomposition. Giants red and outer layers are very loosely connected to the central red giants. The outer layers can eject large amount of mass to 0.2 per second.

Planetary nebula. Planetary nebulae are born red giant and expel large amounts of mass. During the life cycle of the planetary nebula mass can drop from about 8 at birth to about 1.1.

Supernova and Nova also shed large amounts of mass into interstellar space.

The mass ejected from the stars fills the interstellar space with lots of dust and gas. It is impossible to see the center of the Milky Way from Earth as the interstellar dust and gas is blocking the view. It is also impossible to see the outer edge of the Milky Way through the dust and gas. The interstellar dust and gas falling towards the galactic center is the fuel of the galaxy.

Dust and after gas released by the stars begin to fall free of the galactic center. The free fall of the dust particles can be divided according to the following stages distance from the center of the galaxy:

When the dust particle is far from the galactic center may be the galaxy divided into two sections. Included the center of the galaxy and the other outside of the galaxy. The force of gravity on the dust particle is the difference between the forces of gravity of the galactic center galaxy and gravity forces outside parties.

When the dust particle is near the galactic center. The gravity of the galaxy disk is close to zero. The gravity of the black hole at the galactic center is pulling the dust particle.

In the galactic center, the dust particle is part of a disk accreting supermassive black hole, and slowly drawn through the center of the accretion disk.

In the center of the galaxy and dust falling and gas in the disc black hole accretion is producing a lot of energy, evident by the high luminosity of the galactic centers.

Dust and gas in the accretion disk became the plasma moves at relativistic speeds that create strong magnetic fields by the dynamo effect. The kinetic energy of plasma motion is converted to the evolution of magnetic fields that propagate in the galactic disk to power the stars of the galactic disk. The particles in the black disk hole accreting supermassive relativistic speeds multiplying the mass of particles and energy.

In some galaxies in the galactic center exceptionally bright, called active galactic nuclei or AGN.

Figure 15 shows the energy cycle of the galaxy. It is shown that magnetic fields the galactic center create a mass in stars far from the galactic center. This mass has a significant potential gravitational energy, with respect to the galactic center. However, these fields do not waste energy on the creation of this potential energy, the magnetic fields only lose energy equal to the rest mass of new particles created in the stars. The yellow arrow shows the energy of the magnetic field absorbed by the stars. The red arrow shows the largest amount Big energy received by the galaxy of free fall of the particle.

Figure 15: The galaxy energy cycle. The cycle starts when the change magnetic fields heat the center of the galaxy of stars with the induction. The heat or kinetic energy of the particles in the heart of the star there transformed mass (such as the yellow arrow). M0 mass created in the star core reach the star surface and ejected into space as solar wind. Particles start a free fall relativistic galactic center (shown as red arrow). The mass and energy of the particle after passing supermassive black disk hole accretion could be 1000 times the original energy M0 invested by the galaxy.

Figure 16 shows the energy cycle of the galaxy. Energy cycle is divided here to the components in the center of the galaxy and the star. In the center of the galaxy dust and gas free-fall back accretion disk holes (4). The black hole accretion disk converts the dust and gas in plasma and in accordance with the strong magnetic dynamo effect generated heat and the stars of the galactic disk (1).

In stars of the galaxy thematic heat the magnetic core of the star. The energy is converted into mass by high energy collisions of particles in the nucleus of the sun (2). New mass and matter is created and when it reaches the surface of the star is ejected by the solar wind in interstellar space (3) and begin to fall toward the galactic center.

Figure 16: The galaxy energy cycle divided section and the galactic center star of the section. In the galactic center the falling dust and gas produce magnetic fields that are scattered in the galactic disk and heat of the stars. In the star's magnetic field galactic center heat the star and the thermal energy is converted into mass by high energy collisions of the particle. When the new mass and reach the surface area star is ejected as the solar wind and begin to fall to the galactic center.

Figure 17 shows a graph of the energy cycle of a unit of mass M0. The Y axis represents the energy added to the galaxy. The X axis represents the distance from the unit mass of the galaxy center. The origin of the X axis is the length of the distance star from the galactic center. As the distance to the galactic center slow the increase of the X axis

The energy cycle begins at the origin of the X axis which created the unit mass of a star by magnetic fields. When the galaxy is the creation of the unit of mass energy losses equal to the rest mass particles. Therefore the energy balance at the origin of the X axis is negative. The unit of mass is ejected from the star and begin the free fall in the center of the galaxy. As the unit of mass drop your speed and increase energy. At the galactic center, the speed and energy of the unit of mass is multiplied by the accretion disk supermassive black hole.

Figure 17: The galaxy energy cycle in terms of unit mass. The cycle begins when changing magnetic fields heat center of the galaxy of star induction. The heat or kinetic energy of the particles becomes the core of the star to the mass. Created a mass M0 in the heart of the star reach the star surface and ejected into space as solar wind. Particles start a relativistic free fall to the galactic center. The origin of the X axis is the distance from the star from the galactic center, as X increases decreasing distance from the mass that falls to the center of the galaxy and the distance is zero. The mass and energy of the particle when it reaches the galactic core could be 1000 times the original energy M0 invested by the galaxy.

The attraction of dust and gas into the galactic center require several conditions that make the galaxy energy cycle more efficient. Black holes at the galactic center will make energy production more efficient in the galaxy. On the other hand Black holes in the galactic disk is preventing the free fall of particles near galactic center and disrupt energy production in the galaxy.

Some dust and gas ejected by stars in the galaxy is lost and not reach the center galaxy. This dust and gas are dispersed into the space between galaxies and the intergalactic medium build. The intergalactic medium is rich in heavy elements produced by stars. Party dust can escape the gravity of the galaxy by high speeds. The origin of the high speeds or supernova may be the high-energy collisions between stars. If a galaxy is losing large amount of mass in this way will prevent the galaxy energy and mass production.

The distance between stars is enough to allow a particle of dust and gas that are attracted by the gravity center of the galaxy and not by the gravity of the stars.

The gravity of stars build up some of the nearly free-fall of dust and gas. This accumulation of free-falling dust and debris of millions of years is a dominant force in the creation of the planets around sun and other stars.

The two complementary parts of the energy cycle of galaxies, the mass created in stars by magnetic fields and energy fall disk accretion is within reason. However, combining them to create a paradox that a galaxy's mass production and energy anything and do not obey the law of conservation of energy. Developments in quantum mechanics to find that vacuum contain large amounts of energy. Therefore we can assume that emptiness is the true source of mass and energy produced by galaxies.

We used to think of the gravitational potential energy as a conservative, but is it really?

Let's take a simple example. An asteroid passes close to the ground slowly. Now that the asteroid did not put there and who did not invest anything energy. Still under the influence of gravity of the asteroid and heat gain speed as they fall to the ground. Where the energy come from? Must be empty.

The mass of the galactic center create a strong gravity that attracts dust and gas. The gravitational potential energy of dust and gas multiplying the mass of gas and dust and energy. For We can therefore say that the following sentence: mass create gravity and gravity creates mass.

The spawning of a small galaxy of a galaxy large

Mass production of galaxies and new energy constantly. As the dust of the galaxy increase the mass and the gas is falling toward the galactic center and stronger magnetic fields to provide more energy to the stars. As the magnetic fields in stars are getting stronger increasing the mass of stars. Because magnetic fields in disk galaxies are increasingly strong additional power is available and new stars are born. During the Apollo missions of NASA, the lunar rock samples where analyzed, to see the Sun temperature increased by 10% over the past million years. This means that Sun mass increased by 10%. This increase is enormous.

The sun mass increase indicates that many stars in the galaxy have increased mass of the galaxy and has therefore increased mass. The constant increase in mass leads to the reproduction of new galaxies. In a galaxy is becoming more massive and heavy arm of the galaxy are also becoming heavier. The stars in the arm are increasingly massive and new stars are born. As the arm is getting heavier is also increasingly distant from the galactic center. At some point the dust and gas produced by the arm is not pulled from the galactic center, but now the galactic arm. The dust and gas falls into the galactic arm create a center that will begin producing massive changing magnetic fields. This process generates a new satellite galaxy that has a power cycle. As the satellite galaxy is increasing their magnetic fields are becoming stronger and repel the main galaxy. The spawning of new galaxies can be seen everywhere in the universe. Most collision or interaction observed in galaxies are actually spawning of new galaxy. Figure 20 is an image of the galaxy M51 which represent the spawning of new galaxy on the side left of the image. The arm of the galaxy is very long and very far from the galactic center. Dust and gas in the galaxy of new building is falling locally the galaxy satellite and not with the main galaxy. There are three factors that influence the reproduction of the new galaxy:

The local arm distance from the galactic center. Most arm distance, the easier it is for the galaxy to be generated.

The mass of the local galactic arm. The more massive the arm easier is for the galaxy to be generated.

The mass and the gravity of the galactic center attraction of the main galaxy. The more massive the galaxy center principal, the harder it is for the galaxy to be generated.

The spawning of new galaxies created new black hole in the main galaxy galactic arm. The new black hole is the center of the galaxy and operate new energy cycle.

Elliptical galaxies could also generate a new galaxy. The mechanism is different of spiral galaxies. Before spawning elongated elliptical galaxy gradually get their similar appearance to that of the glasses or the number 8.

In everywhere in the universe are not examples of massive galaxies in smaller nearby satellite galaxies. These smaller galaxies are generated from the massive galaxy and are children of the massive galaxy. The Milky Way is an example of a massive galaxy with nearby satellite galaxies. Satellite galaxies where generated from the Milky Way. There are 14 satellite galaxies in the Milky Way, as the Magellanic Clouds and the Large Magellanic Cloud. A look at local groups also reveals that includes Andromeda many satellite galaxies. The M32 is a satellite of the Andromeda galaxy M31 and was generated from it. In the arms of Andromeda, is still evidence of the fantastic M32.

Figure 20: Image of M51 galaxy is an example of spawning. The mass and size of the galaxy is constantly increasing. When one arm of the galaxy is very heavy and far from center of the galaxy, its gravity is very strong. The dust that the stars in which removal of arm in space is attracted to the center of the arm and not the center of the galaxy. The arm mass is increasing and is starting to behave like a galaxy with its own source of energy and mass production. The satellite galaxy begins to separate main galaxy, where the magnetic fields increase and expel from the main galaxy. The satellite galaxies of the Milky Way was generated from the Milky Way.

The brightness of the sun could be influenced by other factors such as its position in the galactic arm. The sun can be outside of the galactic arm during the past billion years, he was the backbone of the galactic arm or a central position in the galactic arm. The magnetic fields in the spinal dorsal arm is stronger than galactic magnetic fields on the outskirts of the galactic arm. Therefore the luminosity of the sun can be influenced by its position in the galactic arm.

Sun luminosity also depends on the reproduction of new galaxies. After the spawning of new galaxy of the amount of dust and gas falling towards the galactic center is smaller because there are fewer stars in the galaxy. The smallest amount of dust produced weaker magnetic fields in the galactic center and this leads to lower energy of the stars of the galactic disk absorb. This will decrease the brightness of stars.

We can estimate the time it takes to build a new satellite galaxy. This estimate is based on assumptions rather than precise data.

A small satellite galaxy contains about 5 billion stars. The number of stars in the Milky Way is about 200 billion stars. We assume that the Milky Way is the addition of 0.5% mass in millions of years (1 / 20 the increase in mass of the sun). We find that in 5 billion years the Milky Way is creating a new galaxy. For this calculation We also assume that the Milky Way is maintained at approximately the same mass after many generations. It is possible that the mass of the galaxy does not stay the same, but increase after many generations.

If we observe the galaxies in the sky, we note that there is a standard size of galaxies. So part of the increase mass of the galaxy is permanently within the galaxy to steadily increase its size and the other part is lost in the spawning of new galaxies.

If, for example, only 50% of the increase in mass of the galaxy is to the spawning of new galaxies, the spawning period of the galaxy is 10 million years.

A galaxy like the Milky Way generates a new galaxy every approximately 10 billion years. Figure 21 is a graph of the mass of the galaxy power and brightness during spawning of new galaxies. Until a new galaxy is generated mass of the galaxy is increasing exponentially and new mass added that increased the galaxy from the rate of creation of the mass of the galaxy. After the new satellite galaxy produces the bulk of the main galaxy is very small as the new galaxy mass Removing the main galaxy.

After the new galaxy is generated amount of dust and gas falling towards the galactic center principal is reduced. This will reduce strength of the magnetic fields of the galactic center and provide less energy to the stars.

The link between the luminosity of the sun and its position in galactic arm can be understood from the galaxy rotation arm. The galactic arm is rotating with constant angular velocity at all distances from the center of the galaxy as in Figure 5. If the angular velocity is not constant galactic arms spread and lose their close-packed structure. Maintain galactic arms its solid structure due to two reasons. First stars in the galactic arms are magnetiz

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